Ronald Reagan Essay Example for Free

Ronald Reagan EssayThere are few people in this world that have a profound effect on it. There are even fewer with that can claim theyve had as great an impact as Ronald Reagan. The 40th chairman of the United States, Reagan shot from a former Hollywood actor to become arguably one of the greatest politicians of all time. In a time where tensions were perhaps never higher between the Soviets and the United States, Reagan was a calming force that provided stability to a world that was severely lacking. Reagan lived a long, and extremely loose life, and is widely regarded as one of the greatest presidents of all time.Ronald Wilson Reagan was born in an apartment on the second floor of a commercial building in Tampico, Illinois on February 6, 1911, to Jack and Nelle Reagan. (Ronald Reagan Biography) Reagan had one sibling, his older brother, Neil. Reagan and his family moved around often, before eventually settling in the town of Dixon. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his so n Dutch, due(p) to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance, and his Dutchboy haircut. Growing up, Ronald had a particular interest in the goodness of people, and had a pixilated religious faith. (Kengor) After graduating from Dixon High School, Reagan attended constantan College, majoring in economics and sociology. (Ronald Reagan Biography) Extremely popular among classmates, Reagan was not only captain of the swim team, tho was elected student body president. He even ran a revolt against the president of the school when he tried to cut tail the faculty.Following graduation from Eureka, Reagan moved to Iowa, where he was hired as a tuner broadcaster for the University of Iowa football team. Shortly after, he was hired as the play-by-play announcer for the Chicago Cubs. Reagan was a traveling announcer with the Cubs, and while traveling in calcium, attended a shield test with Warner Brothers. Reagan performed so well, he left the Cubs and signed a seven-year contract with Warn er Brothers. (Ronald Reagan) After signing the contract in 1937, Reagan was quickly assigned to the lower, B take aim movies. Ronald once joked by saying, They didnt want them good, they wanted them Thursday, referencing the quality of some of the films he starred in. Often overshadowed by other actors in such movies, his premier(prenominal) big role came in the film Love is in theAir. Ronalds favorite movie was Kings Row, in which he played retell amputee Drake McHugh. His most famous line was in the movie comes when he realizes both of his legs are gone, saying, Wheres the rest of me? Reagan loved it so lots he later on used it as the title of his autobiography. Ronalds film career was cut short when he was ordered for active duty in the United States force in World War two. (Ronald Reagan)In 1940, Reagan married actress Jane Wyman, and together they had two children, Maureen and Christine, and adopted a third, Michael. Wyman filed for divorce in 948, after several arguments ab off his next political ambitions. It was in 1949 that Reagan met his true love, Nancy Davis. When asked about their first meeting, Nancy said, She described their meeting by saying, I dont know if it was exactly love at first sight, but it was pretty close. The Reagans often publicly displayed their affection for one another, as he often called her Mommy and she called him Ronnie. (Ronald Reagan)After the end of the war, Ronald began a career in what authentically made him a star politics. Reagans political career was launched when he made his A Time for Choosing speech, which supported conservative presidential candidate Barry Goldwater. The California republicans were impressed with Reagan, and he announced his intentions to run for California governor in 1966. In Reagans campaign, he emphasized two main themes to send the welfare bums back to work, and, in reference to burgeoning anti-war and anti-establishment student protests at the University of California at Berkeley, t o clean up the mess at Berkeley. He was elected, defeating two-term governor Edmund Brown, and was sworn in on January 2, 1967. Reagan won a second term in 1970, but chose not to run again in 1974. (Ronald Reagan Biography)In 1976, Ronald Reagan moved on from governor of California to challenge for something even bigger to be the president of the United States. He challenged incumbent Gerald Ford for the republican candidacy. Reagans campaign revolved around the model of taking early primaries to damage the inevitability of Fords likely nomination. At first, the strategy appearedto work, but Ford eventually won out, with Reagan even losing out on his home state of Illinois. In 1980, however, things worked out much better for Reagan, as he not only won the republican nomination, but blotted out Jimmy Carter with 489 electoral college votes to Carters 49. (Freidel) His campaign stressed some of his fundamental principles lower taxes to stimulate the economy, less government interfer ence in peoples lives, states rights, and a strong national defense.Reagan began his presidency on January 20th, 1981, and is the oldest president to ever assume office at 69. (Ronald Reagan) Just 69 days into his presidency, Reagan became the first president to survive an blackwash attempt. After the event, Reagans popularity rose to a high of 73 percent. Perhaps Reagans greatest act as president came in his second term, when he helped end the Cold War. Reagan gave a speech at the Berlin hem in in 1987, in which he challenged Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, saying, General Secretary Gorbachev, if you render peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization, come here to this gate Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall In November 1989, the Berlin Wall was torn down, and the Cold War was officially declared over at the Malta Summit on December 3, 1989. On November 5th, at the age of 83, Reagan announced th at he had been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, an incurable neurological disorder that destroys brain cells and ultimately causes death. (Library) Letters of well wishes poured into the Reagans California home, showing support for the former president and first lady. As the years went on, the disease slowly destroyed Reagans mental capacity, and he was only able to recognize a few people, including his wife Nancy. (Ronald Reagan Biography) Reagans public appearances became much less frequent with the progression of the disease, and as a result, his family decided that he would live in quiet semi-isolation with his wife. On the afternoon of June 5, 2004, Ronald Reagan died at his home at the age of 93. President George W. Bush declared June 11 a National Day of Mourning, and tributes came in from all over the world. (Ronald Reagan ) Three funerals were held for President Reagan, with his final resting score at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley California.Presi dent Reagans legacy is that of a powerful and influential man, yet the most down to Earth, trusty man you could possibly meet. Observers rank him as one of the greatest presidents of all time. Many think it was because of his joking and loving manner. President Reagan lived a full and prosperous life, and there are few that can argue they accomplished as much as he did in his time.Works Cited1. Freidel, Frank. The Presidents of the United States of America. 13th. Collingdale Diane Publishing Co., 1994. eBook2. Kengor, Paul. paragon and Ronald Reagan. 1st. New York City Harper Perennial, 2005. Print.3. Ronald Reagan Biography. The Biography Channel website. 2011. 01 March 2011 Abraham Lincoln Biography. The Biography Channel website. 2011. 01 March 2011 http//www.biography.com/people/abraham-lincoln-9382540 4. Ronald Reagan. History Channel Website. N.p.. Web. 18 Nov 2013. .5. Library, CNN. Ronald Reagan luxuriant Facts. CNN U.S.. N.p., 10 Sept 2013. Web. 1Dec 2013. .The Life and Times of Ronald ReaganJordan WaltersMr. ClancyHistory of Western Civilization

Costing Methods Paper Essay Example for Free

Costing Methods Paper EssayVariable and absorption be rules are cardinal different costing methods. Almost all successful companies in the world use both methods. Variable costing and absorption costing cannot be substituted for iodin another because both the systems have their own benefits and limitations (Accounting for management). This paper will complete and discuss exercise 19-17 in Wiley Plus it will discuss the following questions In this case, would it be better to use the variable or absorption costing method, and why? In this example Polk Company should use the absorption method, because the absorption but uses overhead that allocates to the 80,000 units sold. Whereas the variable method counts the fixed overhead as a period expense, the fixed overhead during this period is calculated on 95,000 units produced, when the absorption method is used. The variable method just calculates fixed overhead on 80,000 units sold.What are the benefits of the two methods?Both s ystems have their own benefits and limitations. The absorption method gives management culture of product cost this is the main benefit of the absorption method. The benefit of the variable method is it gives an output the mimics the cash flow of the company. Which method would lead to the best decision when a competitor is submitting a lower bid for your product? The absorption method would be best although both methods are used, with variable costing expenses remains the same, and with the absorption method fixed production cost are period cost. Variable costing method helps with demand based pricing.ReferencesAccounting for management. (n.d.). Variable costing versus absorption costing. Retrieved from http//www.accountingformanagement.org/variable-vs-absorption-costing/

A Survey on Mobile Users Data Privacy Threats

A Survey on fluent Users Data Privacy ThreatsABC EFG1 , ABC EFG2* and ABC EFG34. Security Ch anyenges for Mobile DevicesMobile device applications offer a level of convenience that the world has never think before it. Everywhere (home. Office, hotel, playground, road, parking, picture palace, travelling in different countries or each place of world) any officious drug user burn down use applications to fulfil their daily needs like communicate, buy, search, payment, sell, entertainment, find general information of their use. This extreme point level of comfort has brought with it an extreme number of gage risks. Below describing near unstable device challenges, how the vulnerabilities and attackers reducing mobile applications freedom.4.1 Insecure Data StorageIt can result in data loss for a user, after losing mobile devices an application is improperly secured and all user at risk. Some common tack of data store at high risk like personal information (Name, Address, Dat e of Birth, Banking information, Family information, Family picture, Social networking address, email address) ,working information (company name, working position, related some application, company contact numbers and official documents if any available).4.2 somatogenic SecurityPhysical security of any mobile devices is too difficult, but when mobile users are incessantly using mobile devices, which is in al musical modes for 24x7x365 and user lose his mobile device then the task becomes seemingly impossible. Intentionally physical security is most(prenominal) concern for risk free mobile devices. If a person lost and misplaced or theft their mobile devices so it may be contumely users sensitive data, staff office information, email correspondence , any unsecured documents, address books, line of work data and files by the thief .4.3 Mobile BrowsingMobile seek is the best feature for any mobile devices for providing best use of internet application but mostly in mobile devic es user cannot see the all URL or web address, least verify whether the web address or URL safe or not and user reach (browse) their government agency into a phishing related attack.4.4 Multiple User LoggingDue to progressive growth of social media Single sign-on (SSO) in the mobile application ecosystem it is estimated 60% of mobile application insecure by using same login to multiple social networking application. Hackers who got login credentials for website or apps twitter , Facebook can possibly gain access to users write page. Outmost use of social media single sign-on (SSO) is actually to facilitate social interaction at same time the developer also gain access to some of social information related to sign in user.4.5Client Side InjectionThe execution of malicious programs on the mobile devices over the internet medium by application or web browsing guest side injection occurs. Html injection ,SQL injection or other upstarter attack(abusing phone dialer, SMS ) comes in th e client side injection. Hackers could load text based attack and exploit targeted examiner. In this way any source of data can be injected including resource targeted files or application4.6 Application IsolationMobile application is just about everything from transaction, business ,personnel and social networking. Before installing any application in your mobile devices clearly see the permission agreement, privacy and how to access your device with that application. It might be any application theft user sensitive data ,financial data, business data ,personnel data and other valuable file.4.7 Mobile Device Coding IssuesIn an application development it always happen some honest mistakes, accidentally creating security vulnerabilities with poor coding efforts. It also happen for bad implementation of encrypted channels for data transmission or improper intelligence protective cover. In this way every development process can have some vulnerability in the coding of mobile applica tion or other application. Every developer cannot trim back this but needs to maintain proper coding so mobile application reach high security aspect.4.8System UpdatesIn a mobile device everybody wants latest version of application for using efficiently so venders always keen to provide latest update and patches designing to fix security issues for better use of application. But in this process other threats (hackers) mixed bad code with real application and provide to install application. It may collide with mobile device but user doesnt know why its happening. It is big drawback and commercial attack to application and venders.4.9 Serious Threats in New FeaturesFor mobile devices, pertly added features and updates application are serious risk too. Every venders are making their own application related to their mobile operating system and giving new look, new features. Its comparison among that venders to defeat in the market so making related application and releasing some vuln erabilities for chasing market. So user should enquire world-class then use newly features so security remain consist in the mobile devices.4.10 Sensitive Information DisclosureIts trend that mobile user use their mobile in brad area like login credentials, shared secret keys, sensitive business logic , access token, application code and so forth it is also possible these information being disclosed to an attacker by different technology. It should be remain consist security in sensitive information disclosure in mobile devices.4.11 Improper Session HandlingFor mobile devices, seance handling is identified security concern for web application. Improper session handling indications to vulnerabilities that are pretty common in using internet applications over any platform like mobile devices or PCs. Session with pine expiry time invite vulnerabilities in any case of using financial work. Poor session management can clues to unauthorized access through with(predicate) session hijac king in mobile devices.4.12 Security Decisions from untrusted responsesFor mobile devices, Some operating system like Android and iOS platform, some applications like as Skype may not continuously appeal consent from outside parties, it gives privilege for attackers that may occur in malicious application avoiding security. For this way, applications are vulnerable to data leakages and client-side injection. eternally need for supplementary authorization or provide supplementary ladders to launch sensitive applications when supplementary authorization is not promising.4.13 Weak Authentication and Brute contract attackIts often seen many applications today rely on password based authentication, single factor. The owners of application do not enforce for strong password and securing valuable credentials. In that case user expose themselves to host of threats, stolen credentials and automated Brute force attacks (Brute force attack means systematically checking all possible password or keys until find exact one).5. Mobile Threats and VulnerabilitiesThis section provides a comprehensive overview of mobile threats and vulnerabilities, cyber criminals have focused their consideration to mobile devices present tense 1. Mobile devices are using many useful applications in the internet medium so its a prime target for the attackers or hackers to bankrupt security mechanism and spread threats vulnerabilities. The distance between hacker capabilities and an organizations protection is widening day by day. These tendency underline the need for additional mobile device security awareness, as well as more stringent, better integrated mobile security solutions and policies.5.1 Mobile ThreatsThreats and attacks that proved magnificently on personnel computer are now being tested on unsuspecting mobile device user to see what works and with the number of mobile devices with protection increasing, there are adequately of easy targets. struggleers are definitely penetrating after the weakest point in chain and then improving in on the most successful scams. Mobile attacks are basically divided into four categories and listed below-Physical threatsApplication based threatsNetwork based threatsWeb based threatsPhysical ThreatsMobile devices are designed (portable) to proper use in the daily lives, and its physical security is an important deliberation 4. Below describing some physical threats Bluetooth bewildered or Stolen Mobile DevicesComputing ResourcesInternet AccessApplication Based ThreatsSpywareMalwareVulnerable ApplicationPrivacy ThreatsNetwork Based ThreatsDenial of service Attack (DoS)Network ExploitsMobile Network ServicesWi-Fi SniffingWeb Based ThreatsDrive by DownloadsBrowser ExploitsPhishing Scams5.2 Mobile VulnerabilitiesRootkitWormTrojan HorseBotnet6. Solutions and Precautions For Mobile Devices7. Conclusions and future(a) WorkAcknowledgementsThe authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Resea rch at King Saud University for its funding of this research through the Research assembly Project no. ABCDEFGH.ReferencesA Survey on Security for Mobile Devices, La Polla, M. Martinelli, F. Sgandurra, D. Communications Surveys Tutorials, IEEE ,Volume 15, Issue 1,Publication Year 2013 , Page(s) 446 471M. Hypponen, Malware Goes Mobile, Scientific American, vol. 295,no. 5, pp. 4653, 2006.Reviews on Cybercrime change Portable Devices, Seyedmostafa Safavi, Zarina Shukur, Rozilawati Razali, The 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics(ICEEI 2013)Mobile Devices Security A Survey on Mobile Device Threats, Vulnerabilities and their justificative Mechanism, Shujithra. M, Pasdmavati. G, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975-8887) Volume 56-No.14, October 2012

New Generation Sequencing Technologies: Population Genetics

New Generation Sequencing Technologies Population GeneticsNew generation sequencing technologies have the potential to quickly accelerate population patrimonials research, allowing scientists to comprehensively under nominate complex evolutionary histories, as well as functional and ecological biodiversity (Shokralla, et al., 2012 Shendure Hanlee, 2008). Prior to 1977, duration payoff involved the handling of toxic chemicals and radio-active isotopes, restricting sequencing to persons of high expertise and speciality (Hunkapiller, 1991 Swerdlow, et al., 1990 Sanger, et al., 1977). In 1977, Fred Sanger and Alan R. Coulson published two methodological papers describing a new variety show of deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing engineering science, which would lead to the method (capillary-based, semi-automated Sanger biochemistry) used almost exclusively in the field, for the next 30 years (Shendure Hanlee, 2008). Sanger sequencing transformed biology. It became a tool for deciphe ring complete genes and, later, faultless genomes. Due to the unprecedented extent at which Sanger technology grew, factory-like enterprises, cal direct sequencing centres, were established, housing hundreds of DNA sequencing instruments, operated by cohorts of personnel (Schuster, 2008 Hunkapilla, et al., 1991).Despite the dominance of Sanger sequencing in laboratories, for a number of decades, the technology had and continues to be hampered by inherent limitations in throughput, scalability, speed and resolution (Shendure Hanlee, 2008). To overcome these barriers, an entirely new technology was required, one that democratised the field, putting the technology of comprehensive genetic analysis into the hands of individual investigators, not only major genome research centres (Shendure Hanlee, 2008). The need for new technologies was pushed for by the facilitators of the Human Genome Project (HGP) (Ventor, et al., 2001). The excitement and successful termination of the HGP, by t wo competing research bodies, lead to collective hunger for more advanced, economical sequencing technologies. Next-generation sequencing (NGS), also known as massively parallel sequencing, was such(prenominal) a technology and has ignited a revolution in genomic science, similar to that seen when Sanger technology was presented in 1977, honing in on the era of post-genomic research (Schuster, 2008).The revolutionary nature of NGS technologies eldest became apparent in 2005, in two interrupt publications, 454 Life Sciences (Marguiles, et al., 2005) and the Multiplex Polony Sequencing Protocol (Shendure, et al., 2005). The methodology of both research groups resulted in vast reductions in the requisite reaction volume, while dramatically extending the number of sequencing reactions (Schuster, 2008). Despite such advances, in sequencing technology, NGS had a slow uptake in the scientific community, with a number of scientists having reservations. match to Schuster (2008), scientis ts accustomed to Sanger sequencing, as well as the initial scepticism echoed by funding bodies, resulted in a fear that large financial investments into Sanger-sequencing technologies would not pose returns, due to the technologies becoming obsolete. Other concerns were also raised, regarding the sequencing fidelity, read length, infrastructure cost and the handling of the large data volumes produced by NGS (Zhang, et al., 2011). It was the process of combining ongoing Sanger sequencing projects with NGS technologies that promoted its acceptance, into the scientific community. Once the enormous potential of the technology had been realised, along with new and upcoming biology projects that required sequencing outside of what the modern Sanger technology could feasibly produce, the concerns raised by NGSs early sceptics started to be overlooked. A combination of both first and second generation technologies are now used in sequencing facilities and projects around the world, the im plications of which, for the fields of evolutionary biology and population genetics is vast.Researchers now have the ability to observe small changes in ecological community structure that may occur undermentioned anthropogenic or natural environmental fluctuations (Hajibabaei, et al., 2011 Leininger, et al., 2006 Hunkapiller, et al., 1991). Such implications of NGS technologies has led to the generation of whole-genome sequence data, for thousands of individuals (Akey Shriver, 2011 Harismendy, et al., 2009). The availability of such data is leading to a better perceptiveness of evolutionary processes, such as descriptions of sex-biased dispersal and mutation rate biases (e.g., Wilson Sayres, M. A., et al., 2011). Furthermore, the ability to sequence the genomes of species, that have been long extinct, is no longer nonsensical, provided the samples from which DNA is to be extracted is unflustered viable (Green, et al., 2010 Reich, et al., 2010). The hope that such projects may h elp population geneticists better understand the process of extinction, whether anthropomorphically or naturally induced, may help those endangered species whose current possibility of extinction, in the near future, is high (Akey Shriver, 2011 Miller, et al., 2011). However, despite such ambitious aspirations of population geneticists, one large area of research that remains surprisingly unanswered, within the literature, is the definition of a population or the population concept (Waples Gaggiotti, 2006).Given the importance of such a concept, one might expect to find a commonly used definition, one that is applicable to wild species, to determine how umpteen populations exist within a delineated geographic area and the relationships amongst them (Waples Gaggiotti, 2006). However, one does not exist, rather there is evidence that what makes a population is based on the research question. NGS technologies are providing population geneticists with the opportunity to flesh out a precise definition of a population, on the molecular level. For example, Waples Gaggiotti (2006) ask How different must molecular units be before individuals can be considered a part of separate populations? Different criteria can be established and assigned to individuals, in order to determine the answer. The interplay of different evolutionary forces (selection, migration, drift) will favour different species, with different forces world more obvious, at the molecular level, than others. The ability to pose a research question, pertaining to the individuals, within a particular habitat, is now possible due to the ability to sequence numerous samples with NGS technologies.The implications, in population genetics, for a new generation of sequencing technologies, are a greater focus on testing expectations. Such expectations, simultaneously, result in excitement and daunt to those undertaking evolutionary and population genetic research, at present. Excitement exists because fun damental questions, pertaining to the patterns of genetic variation, within and between species, can now be analysed, with new generation sequencing technologies, such as NGS. Although NGS technology may still be in its infancy, the powerful possibility of analysing massive data sets is within tump over of the individual and large-scale sequencing facilities alike, at a highly reduced cost. However, the methodological tools and theoretical models needed to interpret such large data sets are evenly daunting to both new, and experienced, evolutionary and population geneticists. Despite such present and future challenges, population genetics research is looking promising, thanks to advances in NGS toleration and computation.ReferencesAkey, J. M. Shriver, M. D. (2011). A grand challenge in evolutionary population genetics new paradigms for exploring the past and charting the future in the post-genomic era. Frontiers in Genetics 2, 1-2.Green R. E., Krause J., Briggs A. W., Maricic T. , Stenzel U., Kircher M., Patterson N., Pbo S. (2010). A draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome. Science 328, 710722.Hajibabaei, M., Shokralla, S., Zhou, X., Singer, G. A. C. Baird, D. J. (2011). Environmental barcoding a next-generation sequencing approach for biomonitoring applications using river benthos. PLoS ONE 6, e17497.Harismendy, O., Ng, P. C., Strausberg, R. L., Wang, X., Stockwell, T. B., Beeson, K. Y., Schork, N. J., Frazer, K. A. (2009). Evaluation of next generation sequencing platforms for population targeted sequencing studies. Genome biology 10 (3), 32-39.Hunkapiller, M. W. (1991). Advances in DNA sequencing technology. Current Opinion in Genetics Development 1 (1), 88-92.Hunkapiller, T., Kaiser, R. J., Koop, B. F. Hood, L. (1991). Large-scale and automated DNA sequence determination. Science 254, 59-67.Leininger, S., Urich, T., Schloter, M., Schwarfarek, L., Qi, J., Nicol, G. W., Prosser, J. I., Schuster, S. C. Schleper, C. (2006). Archaea persist among a mmonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in soils. Nature 442, 806-809.Marguiles, M., Egholm, M., Altman, W. E., Attiya, S., Bader, J. S., Bemben, L. A., Rothberg, J. M. (2005). Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reators. Nature 437, 376-380.Miller W., Hayes V. M., Ratan A., Petersen D. C., Wittekindt N. E., Miller J., Walenz B., Schuster S. C. (2011). Genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered marsupial genus Sarcophilus harrisii (Tasmanian devil). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (30), 12348-12353.Reich D., Green R. E., Kircher M., Krause J., Patterson N., Durand E. Y., Viola B., Pbo S. (2010). Genetic business relationship of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468, 10531060.Sanger, F., Air, G. M., Barrell, B. G., Brown, N. L., Coulson, A. R., Fiddes, J. C., Hutchison, C. A. III, Slocombe, P. M. Smith, M. (1977). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. Nature 265, 687-695.Schuster, S. C. (2008). Next-gener ation sequencing transforms todays biology. Nature Methods 5 (1), 16-18.Shendure, J. Hanlee, J. (2008). Next-generation DNA sequencing. Nature Biotechnology 26 (10), 1135-1145.Shendure, J., Porreca, G.J., Reppas, N. B., Lin, X., McCutcheon, J. P., Rosenbaum, A. M., Wang, M. D., Zhang, K., Mitra, R. D. Church, G. M. (2005). Accurate multiplex polony sequencing of an evolved bacterial genome. Science 309, 1728-1732.Shokralla, S., Spall, J. L., Gibson, J. F. Hajibabaei, M. (2012). Next generation sequencing technologies for environmental DNA research. Molecular Ecology 21, 1794-1805.Swerdlow, H., Wu, S. L., Harke, H. Dovichi, N. J. (1990). Capillary gel electrophoresis for DNA sequencing. Laser-induced fluorescence detection with the sheath flow cuvette. journal of Chromatography 516, 61-67.Ventor, J. C., Adams, M. D., Myers, E.W., Li, P. W., Mural, R. J., Sutton, G. G., Amanatides, P., , Zhu, X. (2001). The sequence of the human genome. Science 291, 1304-1351.Waples, R. S. Gaggi otti, O. (2006). INVITED REVIEW What is a population? An empirical evaluation of some genetic methods for identifying the number of gene pools and their degree of connectivity. Molecular Ecology 15 (6), 1419-1439.Wilson Sayres M. A., Venditti C., Pagel M., Makova K. D. (2011). Do variations in substitution rate and male mutation bias correlate with life history traits? A study of 32 mammalian genomes. Evolution 65 (10), 2800-2815.Zhang, J., Chiodini, R., Badr, A. Zhang, G. (2011). The impact of next-generation sequencing on genomics. Journal of Genetics and Genomics 38, 95-109.Influences of Greek Culture History of the SpartansInfluences of Greek Culture History of the SpartansThe SpartansIn the summer of 480 B.C a involution took place that would forever change the history of the Greeks and that would eventually influence the way in which the Western world looked at war. The Spartans took their stand against the massive army of Iranians in a three day battle which resulted in the Persians taking the win simply may have precise well led to the Greeks winning the Greco-Persian War. A culmination of strong tactical science and bravery contributed to the Spartans making a stand much longer and stronger than some(prenominal)body could have ever predicted. The Persian king Xerxes led his massive army through the sign mountain pass known as Thermopylae expecting no considerable fight on the part of the Spartans. The Persians bid to conquer Greece was significantly halted because of the Spartan resistance, which was led by Leonidas,followed by a small army of Spartans, amounting to no more than 300. But no matter the size of Spartas fleet, Sparta if not the strongest, was one of the strongest armed forces powers in antique Greece. And despite them being vastly outnumbered by the Persians at Thermopylae, they did indeed prove their military strength and sophistication which resulted in their near thrash of the Persian army.Greek destination was and still is up to today a heavy influence on the modern refinings of the Western world. It is because of this heavy influence of Greek culture in the western world, the knowledge of their history proves crucial to many aspects of our understanding of our own cultures. This heavy influence on the development of the western world could very easily be the reason that the Battle of Thermopylae and other battles surrounding it, have become of such importance and high level of study. The valiant stand of the Spartans at Thermopylae lead to the Greeks defeat of the Persians in the Greco-Persian war and enabled the further development of a culture from which the western world gains many of its principles and ideas. If the Spartans had not decelerate the Persians at Thermopylae there may have been a very different ending to the Greco-Persian war. This being an important observation because the Greco-Persian war played such a crucial reference in the history of Greece, a defeat could have resulted in a very different future for the western civilization.The culture of Greece was one that strived for perfection in every sense of the word, but there was a dark side to the culture that so many have full-grown to praise. This dark side can be seen in the Spartans intervention of the Helots, who were in essence a Greek culture in their own, the Messenias, but early on became enslaved by the power Spartans who were in desperate need to acquire more land to deal with the burden of overpopulation. The Spartans held true and easily demonstrated as what is seen as Greeces inability to incorporate. The poor treatment of the Helots lead them to begin a 30 year drive, in which the Spartans took twenty years to take control of the situation. tending of more events like this, is what turned Sparta into the war state that it became. The attempt to suppress the Helots, by the Spartans, in many ways assisted the Spartans in their attempt to defeat the Persians. No longer willing to undergo a s imilar revolt, the Spartans devoted a considerable amount of time and energy making certain to prohibit all such events. It was because of these efforts that major components of Spartan culture, as we know it today, were all enforced. This can be easily seen in the devotion to physical perfection and war-ridden techniques. And equally as important as their attempt to suppress the Helots was the contribution of the Helots in constructing their armor and warring tools. So despite the overwhelmingly poor treatment of the Helots, they played a crucial role in preparing the Spartans for the challenges to come and in the heat of battle. Even though they may have played an indirect role the affect that had on both the culture and the Battle of Thermopylae itself was indeed direct.The Greeks had a large influence on the development of western world in many respects. Whether it is an influence on science or art, to anyone who has studied Greece in the days of its glory the influences be ea sily pinpointed. These influences continue into the art of war. As antecedently stated, war was a constant in Greece so much so that it became imbedded in its very culture. Consequently the way in which war was conducted in ancient Greece has become a portrait of the way in which it should be conducted, and set a standard around the Western world for years to come. Despite war being one of the most immoral, barbaric, and most appalling of all human creations, the Greeks did the impossible, by successfully portraying war as something of beauty, patriotism, freedom and self-sacrifice. Therein lays a reason the significance of the Battle at Thermopylae. That one battle not only captured the spirit of the Greeks, more specifically the Spartans, in three days but became a turning point of the art of war. But the Battle of Thermopylae more importantly defended the very future of the modern world.It was Spartan culture, which in many ways, influenced the Spartans ability to stand against t he Persians as long as they did. To overlook the role of Spartan culture in relation to their stand at Thermopylae would be to overlook one of the most influential aspects of the battle. Spartan culture was one of great complexity having many intricate characteristics, which adapted to the situations that they held witness to. Spartans were people of innate patriotic pride and military prowess, who sought perfection in every form. But equal to their patriotism was their oppressive tactics towards their captives. Spartans werent people who believed in the concept of freedom. The Spartans for several centuries, while in Laconia and Messenia, exercised a ruthless enslavement of other native Greeks, whose land they conquered. Sparta was a military aristocracy, who wasnt a military state for the sake of being a military state. In many respects Spartas army, parallel to not other, was created and maintained for the sole purpose of suppressing the Helots. In theory it was because of Spart as inability to incorporate that lead to their standing army.Spartas military achievements are, no doubt, the most impressive of all their possible accomplishments. By the core of the sixth century Sparta was already considered the strongest military force in Greece. Despite the brute strength the of the Spartan army, the Spartan were still worried that a revolt from their underclass (the Helots)would cripple their advancement as a society.The Helot underclass were always threatening to rise up in significant numbers against their masters. So, at the beginning of each new civil year Spartas chief elected officials, the board of five ephors (overseers, supervisors), formally declared war on them. If any Helots did choose to rebel, they might then be killed with impunity.The awareness of a possible revolt kept the Spartans military forces extremely strong. This tension between the Spartans and Helots, strongly inclined(p) the military forces for both the expected and unexpected, a b eneficial trait which played to their advantage at the Battle of Thermopylae. Another trait that played to their advantage was the educational system of Sparta. The agoge was instated into Spartan culture to both develop the physical and mental maturity of all Spartan boys and was a requirement for all Spartan males.

Effects of Globalization on Zimbabwe

Effects of Globalization on ZimbabweIntroductionGlobalization is as much a part of the sophisticated world as the air we breathe. Especially in the United States, it seems that everywhere you look you can find products made from China, India, Japan, or Taiwan. From our electronics to our silverw atomic number 18, and even the very food we consume, Americans participate in the global trade on an everyday basis. What is not so obvious to the norm American might be the way in which this global market operates.One pregnant function of the global market is to give countries access to resources that cant be found domestically. However, at a national level America, has a set of rules for fair trade between companies, states, and individuals. thither is a high amount of interest in promoting the welfare of each domestic party. Historically, international personal matters have been handled much differently. Colonization and the exploitation of another(prenominal) boorishs resources hav e been a common trait of the past few centuries.In addition to accessing resources in other countries, globalization has also been used to circumvent the established fair trade and chore laws in developed countries. If a manufacturer were to pay ten dollars an instant to a factory worker here in the United States, they might be open to find labor in a less-developed country, where on that point are to a greater extent relaxed or no labor laws, for a tenth of that amount.This cheap labor might take the form of a poor farmer, a virtuoso mother, or even a young child (Elsbeth 2004). This also style that globalization isnt only affecting those who work for low wages in less-developed countries, besides it is also affecting domestic labor in the United States by outsourcing available jobs.This paper will focus on Zimbabwe and how globalization has contri thated to its poor ongoing situation. Ultimately, globalization in Zimbabwe has been a means to funnel more wealthiness to al ready developed nations while sacrificing local economies and living conditions. It has put Zimbabwe into large amounts of debt, jeopardize its existence as a truly independent nation, and thr hold the countrys infra organise into a tailspin that it has yet to recover from.Development of Capitalism in ZimbabweThe modern history of the territory that would come to be called Zimbabwe begins with one of the earliest forms of globalization colonization. In the late 19th century, Zimbabwe was colonized by the British because of their interest in mining the territory for precious metals (Alexander 2006). This was the beginning of globalization in Zimbabwe, and as with most instances of globalization, its motives were not pure.The British had no interest in spreading wealth to the area, but instead this was an instance of a developed country looking at the un-utilized resources of a lesser-developed country and wanting to utilize them for their own gain. The colony would proceed as such for over seventy years. Policy and housing settlements over this period of time would favor Europeans over the indigenous African population, further proving British motives as not being about whats best for the Zimbabweans (Alexander 2006).In the mid 1960s, the situation in Zimbabwe would deteriorate between the British, who were becoming less prevalent in the area, and rival African factions seeking to gain their independence. The end result would be a civil war between a white-minority government (which declared its own independence from the United Kingdoms) and African-majority factions that lasted for over a decade, along with political turmoil in the region that still exists even today (Alexander, 2006). All of this happened while the British were able to get up and leave, leaving the country to deal with its newfound internal puzzles by itself.Without deviating in any case far from the purpose of this paper by delving into specialized historical events, a summary of the mo dern history of Zimbabwe paints an accurate picture of what capitalism, and by extension globalization, has done to the country. A developed country entered a less-developed country in line of battle to make a profit, upset the existing power structure, exploited the lands and its indigenous people, and then left the mess for others to try to resolve up when it became no longer worth it to be there. This is a recurring theme in globalization and the world market.Poverty in ZimbabweZimbabwe is a country that lives ridden with mendicancy and disease. Despite having natural resources like gold, copper, iron and lithium, 68% of the population lives under the poverty line. 80% of the people in Zimbabwe are un engaged, and even those that are employed are seeing the money they earn diminished because of hyperinflation caused by the Reserve cuss of Zimbabwe printing excessive amounts of money to fund their budget deficit (CIA founding Factbook).The International Money Fund (IMF) has a lso cut off their support of Zimbabwe due to Zimbabwes inability to pay back past loans and refusal to enact IMF reforms (CIA World Factbook). However, there have also been claims that IMF and World Bank reforms in the past have hurt Zimbabwe and only made the poverty there worse.Programs that were aimed at globalizing Zimbabwe by reinforcement urban businesses have only succeeded in raising the private incomes of a select few, pushing further class distinction between the rich and poor and doing little to settle Zimbabwes national debt. Some experts claim that the focus must be on promoting the interests of the majorities, like putting price-controls on staples like maize, in order to promote the type of growth that raises the standard of living and can endure as something more than a get rich quick scheme for the already wealthy (Kawewe Dibie 2000).A possible motive for providing these developed companies in less-developed countries with incentives and silver is that they are able to get involved with the global market and provide products at cheap prices to the developed world. There have been many accusations that the IMF and the World Bank favor developed countries when they restructure less-developed countries economies.The World Bank itself claims that their proposals to Zimbabwe have been aimed at bread and butter social welfare, assisting the fight against back up and assisting Zimbabwe in assessing their land use and agricultural exports. However, as of September 13, 2007, Zimbabwe still owed the World Bank 521 million U.S. dollars and the IMF 134 million U.S. dollars (World Bank 2008). A debt like this gives the World Bank and the IMF, a part of the developed world, a large amount of power over Zimbabwe. Whether that power is or has been step or not, it is important that Zimbabwe recover so that it can begin asserting its own economic structures to support its own people. Only then will Zimbabwe wassail the benefits of the developed world.Ef fects on the PopulationZimbabwe, like most nations dealing with globalization, has seen an increase in city life in recent history. When globalization affects a nation, subsistence farming that feeds that nations people often becomes more modernized. This means that land owners attempt to have less people working their lands, because if they can replace paid labor with cheaper technology then they pay less to produce equal, or sometimes greater, yields. Then these can be sold into the international market where they make a select few in the developing nation money and drain the food supply for many others.This model of globalization has particularly affected women and children in Zimbabwe. With the increase in city life has come a need for those in poverty to send their children to work in order to support their families. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that HIV/AIDS runs rampant through Zimbabwe, often breaking up family structures when a mother or father become too ill and can no longer work. For many, there just isnt any choice.Robson Elsbeth, the author of some(prenominal) articles focusing on the sociology of Zimbabwe, argues that child labor is a necessary evil for developing countries right now. Elsbeth calls the westerly idea that children should grow up happy and playing, with little to no responsibility, a myth for much of the developing world. There is simply no way to support these families otherwise.Perhaps the best thing we can do for these children at this point is to simply recognize the work that they do. If western nations stop fooling themselves, they can put pressure on Zimbabwean leaders to befriend improve the lives and working conditions for those children that have to work by recognizing them as a true(a) work force, rather than standing around in denial and doing nothing to help the situation (Elsbeth 2004). To the west, it may be somewhat tragical, but this is part of the reality of life faced by less-developed nations s truggling to make money for their countries in the international market.A good model for the type of encourage that Elsbeth argues for can be found by looking at Zimbabwean women since the end of colonial rule in Zimbabwe. They were recognized as a legitimate work force, and as such they have been receiving higher average incomes, better healthcare and greater amounts of education. From this involvement in education and the work force, they have been able to secure public official jobs and have more and more political influence (McFadden 2005).If children can follow the model of progress that Zimbabwean women have already created, they would be able to have a larger voice. However, even for women, the recent political strife in Zimbabwe has threatened to diminish their status once again, with several woman (among other men, though) have been ejected from their spots as public officials (McFadden 2005).Disease and HealthcareAs has been mentioned, HIV/AIDS is a national epidemic in Z imbabwe. In 2001, there was an estimated 1.8 million people living with HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe, which represented 24.6% of the total adult population (CIA World Factbook 2008). That essentially means that one out of every 4 adults had HIV/AIDS, and since then Zimbabwe has shown little signs of progressing.If you combine this problem with the financial problems and national debt that Zimbabwe is in discussed earlier in this paper, it is not hard to predict that there would be many people living with HIV/AIDS and without sufficient healthcare.Distributing methods of safe sex is something that gets very little, if any, funding, and once an average person does become affected it is very hard for them to find the sorts of treatment that can prolong their lives and help them deal with it (Zimbabwe Benefit Foundation 2008).As tragic as this is in its own right, it also has a cyclical heart on some of the things previously mentioned in this paper. As has been discussed, often HIV/AIDS has re nders people too sick to work, or left families with a dead mother or father. This means more people living in poverty, and more families having to send their kids to work rather than to get an education. This, generally speaking, will relegate them to poverty in their adult lives as well. HIV/AIDS, and their health care systems inability to deal with it, is a huge contributor to the cycle of poverty in Zimbabwe (AVERT 2008).Indigenous ReligionsWith globalization comes the spread of ideals. Western religion has gained a huge beachhead in Zimbabwe. Throughout the colonial period and even up until now, Christian missions have flooded Zimbabwe converting indigenous populations into westernized Christians. Current estimates show that only 24% of the Zimbabwean population body strictly adhered to indigenous beliefs. The rest of the population is made up of 25% Christians, 1% Muslim and 50% syncretic (a mix of Christian and indigenous beliefs) (CIA World Factbook 2008).Environmental Pro blems in ZimbabweMany of the environmental problems being experienced in Zimbabwe are things we have seen before air pollution from industrial compounds, deforestation to make room for building or agriculture and a decline in certain wildlife populations. However, Zimbabwe is faced with a major crisis regarding one important natural resource, and that is water system.Polluted water is a huge problem in many rural parts of Zimbabwe. The water is flowing down from developing areas, pollute by many different sorts of industrial and agricultural wastes or compounds, and infecting the rural water supply. The problem is that there is no great infrastructure to help recreate these people safe water. For the most part, the only existing infrastructure for water exists in the cities (Derman Ferguson 2003).At the risk of sounding like a parrot, it must be mentioned again that Zimbabwes current financial crisis affects yet another part of life in Zimbabwe. How does a country find the money to bring safe water to its own citizens if it has none to do so with? Unfortunately, with the amount of money Zimbabwe owes, the welfare of their citizens gets pushed off the table as the main priority of the Zimbabwean government. Theres only so much they can do.Relief MeasuresRelief measures are being taken by some international organizations in order to try to better the lives of citizens in Zimbabwe. Organizations like the Zimbabwe Benefit Foundation attempt to raise money to support programs that help those with HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe, as well as providing finances to help educate children and the less fortunate in Zimbabwe. Their efforts are there for help empower citizens, which will hopefully produce a bottom-up effect and make them active leaders in their country (ZBF 2008).Yet developed nations themselves are seeing the unstable situation in Zimbabwe are placing things like sanctions on them. Citing human rights violations in which Zimbabwe has conducted a concerted campaign of violence, repression, and intimidation on their citizens, the United States put a sanction on Zimbabwe in 2004. These sorts of responses arent uncommon, but it remains to be seen if they actually help the citizens in trouble. Can keeping the government of a poor society poor help the financial crisis and thereby help Zimbabwean citizens?ConclusionPoverty in Zimbabwe has been a cyclical effect, often perpetuated by the financial crisis in which the Zimbabwean government is in severe debt. The funds borrowed have been used to fight wars for control of the government ever since British colonial forces moved out of Zimbabwe, leaving behind an upset power structure with no system of rebuilding in place. This has all lead to the suffering of Zimbabwean citizens through poverty, disease and death.Globalization in Zimbabwe has only been successful in funneling more wealth to already developed nations through the use of colonies and exploitation of natural resources, while sacrificing Zi mbabwe itself. It has put Zimbabwe into large amounts of debt, leaving its citizens to suffer and to try to pick up the pieces.Reference PageMcFadden, Patricia (2005). Becoming Postcolonial African Women Changing the Meaning of Citizenship. Meridians feminism, race, transnationalism. 6(1), 1-22.Elsbeth, Robson (2004). Hidden Child Workers Young Carers in Zimbabwe.Antipode, 36(2), 227-248.Derman, Bill Ferguson, Anne (2003). Value of Water political Ecology and Water Reform in Southern Africa. Human Organization, 62(3), 277-288.Kawewe, Saliwe M. Dibie, Robert (2000). The Impact of Economic Structural Adjustment Programs on Women and Children Implications for Social Welfare in Zimbabwe. ledger of Sociology and Social Welfare, 27(4), 79-107.Central Intelligence Agency (2008). CIA World Factbook. Retrieved July 26, 2008 from https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.htmlZimbabwe Benefit Foundation (2008). Empowering Zimbabweans. Retrieved July 26, 2008 from ht tp//www.zbf.org.uk/Boucher, R. (2004). Zimbabwe Sanctions Enhancement. U.S. Dept. of State. Retrieved July 27, 2008 from http//www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2004/30091.htmAVERT (2008). HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe. Retrieved July 26, 2008 from http//www.avert.org/aids-zimbabwe.htmThe World Bank (2008). Zimbabwe. Retrieved July 27, 2008 from http//web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/ZIMBABWEEXTN/0,,menuPK375744pagePK141132piPK141121theSitePK375736,00.htmlAlexander, Jocelyn (2006). The Unsettled Land State-making the Politics of land in Zimbabwe. Ohio Ohio University Press.

The Role of Instructional Technology in Change Management Essay

The Role of Instructional Technology in Change ManagementBusinesses change processes and personnel to remain competitive. Essenti onlyy their bottom line is realize and efficiency. Change focusing can be described as implementing new ideas and processes by maximizing the positive components and minimizing the negative to management, employees, and customers (Anonymous, 1999, p. 76). There are many variables to pass on when implementing a new process to an organization. This paper will focus on successful change management strategies and its significance to instructional technology.A majority of all change management projects are systems driven. Aggressive companies are accelerating deployment of strategic business applications to achieve market dominance (Fournier, 1999, p. a10). For example, an organization develops a new computer larboard in order to help serve customers more effectively and efficiently. With the new system, employees have access to more account information tha t, in turn, requires less do up time, and the customers request is handled faster. Furthermore, this new system will support new business initiatives that are scheduled in the near future. Change and configuration management strategies are necessary to ensure system reliability (Fournier, 1999, p. a10). Configuration management is defined as the IT process concerned with identifying, documenting, controlling, and tracking the configuration of interrelated IT components, at discrete points in time, throughout the development or maintenance life cycles (Fournier, 1999, p. a10). Moreover IT components are also known as configuration items, comprise a variety of interdependent software, hardware, and networking components (Fournier, ... ...way(Laabs, 1999, p. 48). ReferencesAnonymous. (1999, February). Zambia seminar on change management. ManagementAccounting-London, 77 (2), 76.Buchanan, D., Claydon, T., & Doyle, M. (1999). Organisation development and change The legacy of the nineti es. Human Resource Management Journal, 9 (2), 20-36.Elam, D., & Meyland, S. (1998, November). You play equivalent you practice. Inform, 12 (10), 42-43. Ettore, B. (1999, May). Change management. Management Review, 88 (5), 8.Fournier, R. (1999, March 22). Keep your apps in top shape. Informationweek, 726, a10-a22.Hibbard, J. (1998, March 9). The learning revolution. Informationweek, 672, 44-60.Laabs, J. (1998, November). Show them where youre headed. Workforce, 77 (11), 45-48.Wilbur, R., A. (1999, March). Making changes the mighty way. Workforce, (Workforce Extra Supplement), 12-13.

A Midsummer Night?s Dream :: essays research papers

A Midsummer Nights Dream Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream is a waggery that is full of mischief. Instead of having a main plot, it seems to be about random thoughts and emotions (much the same as dreams are). In fact, I have to wonder how much of the safe and sound play is really supposed to be a dream as Puck even suggests toward the end of the play. There is no real protagonist to secure onto in this play, probably because there are three main groups of characters, provided many people will find Puck to be the most raise character. The whole play is based around Pucks antics, and he seems to be the plays main fool. In addition, it is he who sends every champion on hard (but funny) adventures. Puck is a fool in the true sense of the word during the time of this play - someone that entertains for his master. It was Pucks job in this play to entertain the fairy king Oberon. I picture Puck as wearing a funny hat and pointed toe shoes.Another fool in this play would be Nick Bottom, but he is a fool in the present-day sense of the word. Bottom is not the type of fool who entertains his master. He is a fool because he allows his accept idiocy and ego to stop him from accomplishing his goals, and he is totally unaware of how ridiculous he looks. Nick Bottom always thinks he is the best at everything. evening when Puck gave Bottom the head of a donkey, it didnt change his inflated opinion of himself. This play begins when the duke of Athens (Theseus) is preparing for his marriage to the queen of the Amazons (Hippolyta). He is planning a four-day celebration for the occasion. As time goes on, there are so many twists and turns in the play that it is sometimes hard to keep things sorted out.In one part of the play, Puck is sent to find a magical flower that is thought to contain a love potion. The juice of this flower can be spread over a sleeping persons eyelids to make that person fall in love with the first thing he or she sees when waking up. What happ ens with the love potion is very funny, because Puck manages to have it affect the wrong two people and then nothing turns out as it should.