Natural Phenomena

Veronika Gyurjyan Professor Bachman English 28 4 February 2010 Natural Phenomena Henry David Thoreau was against of endurance. Instead of deliberately living, most of people’s lives are minimal in excess of a progression of responses to everything. A great many people endure today, believing that they will live their genuine living tomorrow. He would find the life around him, carrying his life into the amicable accord with all the developments around him. In 1845, July 4, he chose to move and dwell at Walden Pond, which is situated in Concord, Massachusetts around 18 miles northwest of Boston. Living in Walden for a long time, Henry David Thoreau composed the book Walden or Life in the Woods, summing up his experience, his living in Walden, far away from society. Live instead of let life live you. Certain people may feel that we are living since we are alive. To Henry David Thoreau (rationalist and imaginative craftsman), living was carrying on with a characteristic life that most of individuals are not living. Characteristic life implies reawaking and extending the human’s mindfulness, watching and finding something that exists in science, which is more than uncommon and hard to comprehend. Finding and reawaking something covered up is like giving an actual existence to something that as of now exists, including more creative mind and imagination. Walden by Henry David Thoreau is an American exemplary. The book is part close to home affirmation of freedom, social trial, journey of otherworldly disclosure. Was Henry a loner? I think he decide to segregate himself from society to acquire objectiveness about existence. The entire undertaking was enlivened by visionary way of thinking, for example, existing above or past human information or understanding, a focal subject of the American Romantic time frame. In his first and biggest part, â€Å"Economy†, he plots his venture, â€Å"A two-year and two-months remain at the comfortable firmly shingled cabin in the forested areas close Walden Pond. † I feel that partition from the human progress allows to reanalyze the whole life. Living in Walden was gainful for Thoreau. In the section â€Å"Where I lived and what I lived for† part he portrays how he was composing each day. What's more, that time in Walden was his generally gainful as an essayist. Another significant reason for his partition from society was understanding a significance and valuable impact of isolation. â€Å"I never found the partner that was as accommodating as isolation. †(Thoreau 177). Walden stresses the significance of isolation and closeness to nature. Walden isn't a natural book. It is around one man’s endeavor to discover the standards by which the life is an appropriate life. â€Å"Every morning was a merry greeting to make my life of equivalent straightforwardness, and I may state guiltlessness, with Nature herself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Thoreau 132). Henry Thoreau was getting a charge out of each given morning, tolerating is as a blessing from nature. That was his opportunity to be nearer to guiltlessness. â€Å"I went to the forested areas since I wished to live intentionally, to front just the basic unavoidable truths that apply to everyone, and check whether I was unable to realize what it needed to educate, and not when I came to bite the dust, find that I had not lived. I didn't wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to rehearse acquiescence, except if it was very fundamental. I needed to live profound and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan-like as to put to defeat every one of that was not life, to cut a wide sample and shave close, to drive life into a corner, and diminish it to its most minimal terms, and, in the event that it end up being mean, why at that point to get its entire and real unpleasantness, and distribute its ugliness to the world†¦.. (Thoreau 135). Thoreau needed to maximize his life by figuring out what was extremely significant, and he did that by expelling himself to some degree from the typical existence of Concord, MA in the 1840’s. One side of this was practical; he diminished his material needs by living essentially, so he would not need to invest a lot of energy supporting a way of life that he didn't need or care about. The opposite side was profound, mu ch the same as the otherworldly withdraws of eastern and western religions. He loved it so much that he lived in his lodge for over two years, and returned with an extraordinary story. He took a shot at this story for quite a while in the wake of leaving the lake, until it became Walden as we probably am aware it today. By composing a Walden, Henry Thoreau gave an actual existence to those two years and two months he spent in the forested areas. He devoted his life to the investigation of nature, not as a background of human action, yet as living. He was supernaturally aware of the energy of Nature, the feeling of the rhythms and the agreement of her isolation. In Nature Henry found a similarity to the Transcendentalism. He didn't contemplate the Nature; else it could make him fanatical. He adored Nature. â€Å"WHO closer Nature’s life would genuinely come Must closest come to him of whom I speak; He assorted types knew,â€the vocal and the stupid; Masterful in virtuoso was he, and remarkable, Patient, smart, delicate, frolicsome. This Concord Pan would oft his whistle take, And forward from wood and fen, field, slope, and lake, Trooping around him in their few appearance, The bashful occupants their frequents spurn: Then he, as ? operation, man would ridicule, Hold up the picture wild to most clear perspective on undiscerning manhood’s baffled eyes, And taunting state, â€Å"Lo! reflects here for you: Be valid as these, if ye would be progressively shrewd. † Works Cited Book: Henry, Thoreau. Walden. Penguin Classics, 1985. Site: Amos Bronson Alcott. American Transcendentalism Web. 21 January. 2010

Ruthenium or Ru Element Facts

Ruthenium or Ru Element Facts Ruthenium or Ru is a hard, fragile, gleaming white progress metal that additionally has a place with the honorable metals and platinum metals bunch in the occasional table. While it doesn't promptly discolor, the unadulterated component can frame a receptive oxide that can detonate. Here are physical and substance properties and other ruthenium realities: Component Name: Ruthenium Image: Ru Nuclear Number: 44 Nuclear Weight: 101.07 Employments of Ruthenium Ruthenium is outstanding amongst other hardeners for expansion to palladium or platinum. It is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts with extraordinary wear resistance.Ruthenium is utilized to plate different metals. Warm deterioration or electrodeposition are the most widely recognized metals used to make ruthenium coatings.One ruthenium-molybdenum composite is superconductive at 10.6 K.Adding 0.1% ruthenium to titanium improves its consumption opposition by a factor of a hundred.Ruthenium oxides are adaptable catalysts.Ruthenium is utilized in some pen nibs. (Dont bite on your pen!) Fascinating Ruthenium Facts Ruthenium was the remainder of the platinum bunch metals to be discovered.The component name originates from the Latin word ‘Ruthenia’. Ruthenia implies Russia, which alludes to the Ural Mountains of Russia, the first wellspring of the platinum metal gathering ores.Ruthenium mixes are like those framed by the component cadmium. Like cadmium, ruthenium is poisonous to people. It is accepted to be a cancer-causing agent. Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) is considered especially dangerous.Ruthenium mixes recolor or stain skin.Ruthenium is the main gathering 8 component that doesn't have 2 electrons in its external shell.The unadulterated component is powerless to assault by incandescent lamp and hydroxides. It isn't influenced by acids, water, or air.Karl K. Klaus was the first to detach ruthenium as an unadulterated component. This was an included procedure where he initially arranged the salt,â ammonium chlororuthenate, (NH4)2RuCl6, and afterward secluded the metal from it so as to portray it.Ruthenium shows a wide scope of oxidation states (7 or 8), despite the fact that it is most usually found in the II, III, and IV states. Unadulterated ruthenium costs around $1400 per 100 grams of the metal.The component wealth in the Earths outside is assessed to be 1 section for every billion by weight. The plenitude in the nearby planetary group is accepted to be around 5 sections for every billion by weight. Wellsprings of Ruthenium Ruthenium happens with different individuals from the platinum gathering of metals in the Ural mountains and in North and South America. It is additionally found in the Sudbury, Ontario nickel-mining locale and in the pyroxenite stores of South Africa. Ruthenium may likewise be separated from radioactive waste. A perplexing procedure is utilized to detach ruthenium. The last advance is hydrogen decrease of ammonium ruthenium chloride to yields a powder that is merged by powder metallurgy or argon-circular segment welding. Component Classification: Transition Metal Disclosure: Karl Klaus 1844 (Russia),â however, Jã ¶ns Berzelius and Gottfried Osannâ discovered debased ruthenium in 1827 or 1828 Thickness (g/cc): 12.41 Softening Point (K): 2583 Breaking point (K): 4173 Appearance: gleaming dim, very fragile metal Nuclear Radius (pm): 134 Nuclear Volume (cc/mol): 8.3 Covalent Radius (pm): 125 Ionic Radius: 67 (4e) Explicit Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.238 Combination Heat (kJ/mol): (25.5) Pauling Negativity Number: 2.2 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 710.3 Oxidation States: 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 0, - 2 Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d7 5s1 Grid Structure: Hexagonal Grid Constant (Ã… ): 2.700 Grid C/A Ratio: 1.584 References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001)Crescent Chemical Company (2001)Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952)CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (eighteenth Ed.)

How to Write Sample of Discussions

How to Write Sample of DiscussionsHow to write samples of debates, essays and speeches? It is not that hard to learn. All you need to do is learn from other writers. All the material that you will be using, whether it is students or university faculty or anyone else, needs to be based on something that is very effective in its function.What is it that you need to know about how to write speeches, essays or debates? In essence, you need to know the principles that are not negotiable when it comes to writing. You also need to know that good writing cannot be learned by following the rules.First of all, you need to be confident in what you are writing. You need to feel that your speech is on the right track. The entire point of writing is to have fun. You have to make sure that you are enjoying the experience as well. This is a very important point, even if you are using other people's materials.How to write samples of debates, essays and speeches? This is the second point that you need to understand. There are many instances when you have to give an essay or speech in front of a crowd. In other words, when you are asked to speak in front of your school or university faculty, group of students or any others. That is why you need to know the rules of the game.You need to know the way that the speakers go through when they deliver their speech. They have to walk the line between certain rules and some less rules. In essence, they need to be creative enough to get the audience to believe that their speech is based on certain rules that are not negotiable.How to write samples of speeches, essays and debates? In essence, this is the third point that you need to consider. You need to understand that you need to be authentic. The audience is looking for someone who is speaking from his heart. They will judge your speech based on how genuine you are.The fourth point that you need to understand is that you need to write with confidence. You need to feel that you are doing the best you can do. It is important to be ready to face those people in your audience, because there are times when you will be called upon to speak and you might not be prepared for it.How to write samples of speeches, essays and debates? This is the fifth point that you need to consider. You need to take into consideration that you will be speaking in front of a lot of people. In other words, you will be giving a speech in front of a group of students, faculty, other students and other teachers.

Marriage Not Always a Fairytale - 1068 Words

â€Å"I take you, to be my lawfully wedded husband, to have and to hold from this day forward, for better or for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish; from this day forward until death do us part.† These traditional wedding vows conjure up images of true love and unfailing commitment. Although this unconditional love is beautiful, it was not always a reality. This fact became evident within literature of the late eighteen hundreds. â€Å"The Storm† written by Kate Chopin, â€Å"An Adventure in Paris† by Guy De Maupassant, and â€Å"The Lady with the Dog† by Anton Chekhov, are all prominent short stories that portrayed dissatisfied women involved in loveless marriages. For these women, lack of fulfillment and the†¦show more content†¦In this short story, Calixta never mentioned any dissatisfaction in her marriage. Calixta appeared to be pleased with her husband Bobinot, and her son Bibi. She was not searc hing for passion, but due to a fateful encounter, passion found her. When Alcee appeared at her door, his presence ignited all the infatuation she once felt for him. Before long, the two were in each other’s arms, and eventually in bed. Their fervent affair paralleled the rise, and eventual passing of the violent storm. â€Å"The generous abundance of her passion, without guile or trickery, was like a white flame which penetrated and found response in depths of his own sensuous nature that had never been reached† (Chopin 98). The steamy romance Alcee provided was one Calixta never knew she wanted. Unlike the women in â€Å"The Lady with a Pet Dog†, and â€Å"An Adventure in Paris,† Calixta stumbled into an unintentional affair. The women in â€Å"The Storm†, â€Å"Adventure in Paris†, and â€Å"The Lady with the Dog† were similar due to their cheating, but their affairs had vastly different outcomes. In â€Å"The Storm†, Calixta had a onetime intimate moment with Alcee, and she did not intend for anything to come out of it. Once their sexual encounter had ended, Alcee and Calixta went their separate ways. â€Å"So the storm passed and everyone was happy† (Chopin 99). This quote hinted the affair was kept a secret that would forever remain between them. â€Å"An AdventureShow MoreRelatedDoes Anne Sexton Want A Happily Ever After?1264 Words   |  6 Pagespeople start out with a very unfortunate life and then become very wealthy by some type of luck. A Cinderella story is a type of myth, or fairytale. Poems sometimes add details to famous myths to reveal a meaning that is deeper than what was originally intended. The meaning of a true Cinderella story is that hard work al ways prospers and that the underdog always comes out on top. However in Anne Sexton’s version of â€Å"Cinderella†, she uses repetition, sarcasm and a more modern twist of the story toRead MoreGeorge Eliots Silas Marner as a Fairy Tale Essay809 Words   |  4 Pagesrealistic and fairytale characters. It always ends in a happy ending. Fairytales always represent good over evil and have a timeless quality and a universal quality. Moreover they contain magic and it is as if in the story that Silass transformation seems magical. In the novel there is a superior power operating in the book. Also fairytales have stock characters (e.g. evil/hero). In addition to this, in the novel there are partly realistic and fairytale characters. 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Through Janie’s three mar riages, she learns what she truly desires in life and finds herself along the way. As each marriage comes to a close, Janie becomes stronger and surer of herself. Janie’s first husbandRead MoreCritique: Love and Cinderella1268 Words   |  6 Pages W131 8 October 2013 Critique of â€Å"Cinderella: Not So Morally Superior† Elisabeth Panttaja, teacher at Tufts University, analyzes the true morality of Grimm’s well known fairytale, â€Å"Cinderella†, in her critique, â€Å"Cinderella: Not So Morally Superior.† Cinderella is usually characterized as an innocent and â€Å"motherless† girl who is trying to find true love, such as Disney’s version of â€Å"Cinderella†. However, Panttaja claims that Cinderella is not motherless and Cinderella is trying to gain powerRead MoreEssay about Fairy Tales, The Hidden Meaning1436 Words   |  6 Pagestypically not found on television; but can be found in the older books of fairytales. 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A Luxury Theme Park Within The Wild West Where Freedom And...

Westworld. A luxury theme park set in the wild west where freedom and discretion are offered to paying customers. Those who have excessive wealth pay a hefty sum to interact with filled with humanoid-like artificial intelligence and do whatever they please with no consequences. The â€Å"hosts† are highly intelligent 3D printed robots that have high functioning brain capacity that have been created with a sole purpose as entertainment of the customers. AI’s are trained to react with human mannerisms, and are even allowed to improvise conversations and actions based upon the interactions with the newcomers. Their personalities are formed meticulously; programmed with extensive background information so that AI’s understand their purpose for given scenarios. To the layperson, it would be almost impossible to tell the difference between an AI and a human given their distinct modeling of humankind. Given the park’s realistic nature–constructed based upo n the real world–the resemblance allows for a proximity to reality, but at the same time embodies this distance necessary to understanding the nature of human life. 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Essay on Similarities between Creon and ANtigone - 1687 Words

Similarities between Creon and Antigone nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Sophocles’ play Antigone, Creon was engaged in a conflict with Oedipus’ daughter Antigone. Creon and Antigone did not see eye-to-eye the entire play due to extreme differences. Creon and Antigone had many similarities despite their enormous discrepancies. Having as many differences as they did, it made them uniquely similar in numerous ways. The similarities that Antigone and Creon shared were independence, loyalty toward their views, cruelty and arrogance (â€Å"The Similarities†). The connection shared by Antigone and Creon showed that as hard as Sophocles tried to make them diverse, he made them unintentionally equivalent at the same time.†¦show more content†¦Haemon stated that his father had dishonored the gods by sending Antigone off to her death, but Creon responded by saying, â€Å"You, you soul of corruption, rotten through-/ woman’s accomplice!† (836-37) Creon refused to acknowledge his son’s poi nt, therefore, not changing his mind on Antigone’s fate. In another scene, Creon showed his independence by refusing to listen to Tiresias’ prophecy. Knowing that Tiresias’ prophecies were never wrong, Creon still ignored him. Creon stated, â€Å"You and the whole breed of seers are mad for money!† (1171) He claimed that Tiresias was wrong, and he was doing the right thing. In this scene Creon showed his independence in a cruel manner by disrespecting Tiresias. Antigone and Creon both showed that they wanted to be independent. Antigone’s will to be independent ultimately caused her death, and Creon’s caused him to lose his son, niece, and wife. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Creon and Antigone also demonstrated a similarity in their loyalty to their own views. They both had different views, but they both remained loyal to them throughout the entire play. Creon and Antigone did not give in to others’ views, but relied on their own for survival. Creon was extremely loyal to his laws that he had made, and Antigone was loyal to her beliefs. Nothing was going to change either of them. When Antigone was brought in by the sentry, Creon was disturbed to find out Antigone was the person burying Polynices. He was extremely upsetShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Creon and Antigone1735 Words   |  7 PagesSimilarities between Creon and Antigone In Sophocles play Antigone, Creon was engaged in a conflict with Oedipus daughter Antigone. Creon and Antigone did not see eye-to-eye the entire play due to extreme differences. Creon and Antigone had many similarities despite their enormous discrepancies. Having as many differences as they did, it made them uniquely similar in numerous ways. The similarities that Antigone and Creon shared were independence, loyalty toward their views, cruelty and arroganceRead MoreRelationship Between Antigone and Creon1355 Words   |  6 PagesRelationship between Antigone and Creon Antigone is a play written by Sophocles. The genre of the play that Sophocles wrote was based on tragedy. It is one of the first plays that use tragedy. In the play a young girl named Antigone, stands up against her uncle Creon who is the king. She stands up for her rights, so that she can give a religious burial to Polynices. She was a girl with a lot of will power. This essay talks about the relationship between Antigone and Creon. This essay would containRead MoreAntigone And The Adjustment Bureau Essay1066 Words   |  5 PagesGottner PreAP Hour 5 20, December, 2017 Comparing â€Å"Antigone† and The Adjustment Bureau Characters’ Choices and Consequences Many movies are based off of books so they are very similar, but have you ever noticed that a movie and a piece of writing completely unrelated can have many similarities. One that was recently brought to my attention was between the movie Adjustment Bureau and the play â€Å"Antigone†. The play and movie have a couple similarities but one that sticks out to me is the charactersRead MoreComparing Creon, Antigone, And Oedipus1318 Words   |  6 Pagesdedication and determination; however, success is discarded by personal gain. Creon, Antigone, and Oedipus have different personalities and roles, but they also share similarities. Oedipus and Creon were two different types of rulers where the transition into power had effected them and had an infringement of prophecies. While Antigone was never in a leadership role all three show acts of pride she has some similarities with Creon and Oedipus in the fight within oneself. The pride allows civil laws toRead More Looking at the sim ilarities and context of the plays; The Crucible,1001 Words   |  5 PagesLooking at the similarities and context of the plays; The Crucible, St. Joan and Antigone I shall be comparing the following three plays: The Crucible, St. Joan, and Antigone. I will be analysing the plays contents so that I can look at the similarities between the three of them and communicating the ideas that each of the three main characters have similar characteristics. The Crucible was written by playwright Arthur Miller and was first produced in 1953. The play is set in Salem, MassachusettsRead MoreOedipus The King And Antigone1264 Words   |  6 Pagesand Antigone. The end of Oedipus the King was the beginning of Antigone. Oedipus the King is one of the strongest tragic Drama as it tells a serious story which evokes fear and pity through incidents that put sympathetic characters in threat and Oedipus the tragic protagonist (the king) who suffer more than he deserved. Although, Antigone resemble Oedipus the King in many faces such as it is a tragic Drama, also it has two tragic protagonists, Antigone and Creon. Both of Antigone and Creon showedRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Sophocles Antigone and Shakespeares Othello964 Words   |  4 Pagestragedies of Antigone and Othello were written with great depth and are structured in such a way that both characters are victims, in spite of their crimes. Antigone and Othello are tragedy plays created by using many techniques to create the feelings of fear and pity. There are differences and similarities in ch aracters, action, and themes between Antigone and Othello. First, the major characters in both of the plays are suffering through great pain and end up with death. The drama Antigone which isRead MoreThe Conflict Between Antigone And Creon1327 Words   |  6 PagesAntigone is a play that was written in ancient Greece by the playwright Sophocles. It is the third play in a trilogy of tragedies about the city-state of Thebes, revolving around Oedipus Rex. Antigone starts the day after a civil war fought between the two sons of Oedipus Rex after his death. The civil war ended in death for both brothers, so their uncle, Creon, assumed the role of King of Thebes. The main conflict of the play begins when Creon gives one brother, Eteocles, a burial with honors, butRead MoreAn Interpretive Analysis On Conflicting Self Reassurance1337 Words   |  6 Pages Antigone: An Interpretive Analysis on Conflicting Self-Reassurance Antigone is a complex, yet debatable play, written by Sophocles somewhere around 442 BC. Chronologically, it is the third of the three Theban plays, but was the first to be written. In addition, Antigone was also one of the most famous tragedies ever to be written. The setting of the play is set in front of the Palace, Thebes, and Ancient Greece. Though most Greek playwrights were from Athens, their plays areRead More Sophocles Antigone - Creon and Antigone are Two of a Kind Essay638 Words   |  3 Pages Creon and Antigone – Two of a Kind nbsp; A popular message of the media these days is that underneath the surface, despite our external differences, were all really quite similar.   Whether or not that is a universal truth, it certainly applies to Creon and Antigone, the main characters Sophocles tragedy Antigone.   They appear different outwardly but are two of a kind in personality.   Throughout Antigone, they are in almost constant contention with each other.   They are on opposite

Seven Wonders Of The Ancient World Essay Example For Students

Seven Wonders Of The Ancient World Essay How many individuals can name the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World? These ancien, man made monuments were compiled into a list considerable in their enormous size orsome other unusual quality (Donovan 325). We should not let these legacies be leftbehind in the past, because each of these Seven Wonders has a story hidden withintheir ruins, or in one case, within its remains. Picture these architectural structuresas I uncover the legends of The Statue of Zeus, the Colossus of Rhodes, the Pyramidsof Egypt, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, and theTemple of Artemis. The first full modern version of the list appeared less than four centuries ago inItaly in 1608 (Romer IX). After that the lists varied, sometimes naming ten wonders,but always keeping the honored name of The Seven Wonders of the World (IX). Thelisting of these wonders initiated by Greeks and Romans listed memorable things thatthey thought travelers should see (Donovan 325). The origianl authorship of the listis not completely proven, but it is believed to be composed by Bede and Philo (RomerX). Philos list is the most impressive, because of its uncomparable text, in length,poetry, and information given (Romer X). At one time, classical writers argued overthe true list, but today there is one most commonly used (Virtual Tours 1). Few drawingsor sketches exist of the vanished monuments, so archeologists have relied on ancienttales and literary works to get an idea of appearance and history (2).Every one of the seven wonders is connected to the legendary King Alexander (RomerXII). He f ounded Egyptian Alexandria, the city of Pharos; he stormed Halicarnassus,the city of the Mausoleum; the Rhodian of Colossus was cast in his image; he diedin Babylon, the city of the Hanging Gardens, and all of them stood within his shortlivedEmpire (Romer XII). Apart from the Statue of Zeus in the west and the Hanging Gardensin the east, they all lay in the center of the Greek Empire (McLeish 4). In the Fourth Dynasty, built 4600 years ago, the Giza Pyramids came known as the greatest of the Seven Wonders (Grigson 18). These pyramids are the largest of the 70-odd pyramidsbuilt (18). The largest of the three Giza Pyramids is the Pyramid of Cheops (18). Its base is 57,000 square feet and has 2,300,000 limestone blocks each weighing twoand one-half tons (18). It is made up of a Kings Chamber, Queens Chamber, grandgallery, vents, ascending and descending passages, and a Greaves Shaft (Krystek 4). Cheops Pyramid is surrounded by rows of low flat tombs, mastabas, and three smallpyramids in which his family and other high officials were buried (Grigson 20). Thesecond pyramid is called the Pyramid of Chephren and the third if the pyramid of Mycerinus(20). These pyramids all have an astonishing accuracy in their construction (18). There is only about eight inches difference between the longest and the shortest baselineand teh four corners make an almost perfect right angle (18). It is believed thatthe Eyqyptians worked by observing teh stars because all the sides are aligned toface the cardinal points of the compass (18). Richard Procter, and astronomer, observedhat the descending passage could have b een used to observe transit stars and he grandgallery could have been used to map the sky when on the top (Krystek 3). The pyramidis probably connected with Egyptain sun worship and a pyramid stone, the benben, symbolizesthe sun god ( Grigson 20). When the suns rays breaks through at exactly the angleof teh Giza Pyramids, the Egyptians regarded that as a stairway to heaven for theirkings (20). They believed the body was the spirits house and so they want to perservethe body as long as they can (Mc Leish 5). Priests began by removing all the softparts of the body, such as the brain, lungs, heart, liver, and intest ines (5). A greatarcheologist, Sir Flanders Petrie, estimated that it took 100,000 men to haul stonesand another 4,000 to work on the actual construction (Grigson 20). They used no pulleys,but must have used an incline plane to raise the blocks (20). How the inside of tehpyramid is built is unknown (20). The center of the pyramid is the home of Cheopsburial chamber (20). Before and after the construction of the Pyramids, Egyptiansinterned their dead Pharohs and Kings to intricate tombs (Krystek 2). They believedthat the body has two separate existances, so all the dead leaders were placed inthe tomb along with many treasures the Egyptians believed they would need in the afterlife(2). This is why the Pyramids were such a hot spot for thieves. Egyptian architectstried designing passageways that could be plugged with immoveable granite rocks, hiddenrooms, and decoy chambers, but nothing worked (2). There is almost no exception thateach tomb of the Egyptian Kings was plundered (2). The next wonder is the Olympian Zeus. Greeks were very attatched to their gods, perhaps because even though the gods were immortal and had superhuman powers, in every other way they were like mortal men (Grigson 22). They had feelings, jealousy and rivalries (22). The mightiest of the Greeks gods was Zeus (22). Zeus was the son of the titans Cranos and Rhea (22). He was regarded as the king and father of gods and men (22). Zeus was married to his sister, Hero, but he had many affairs with other goddesses and mortal woman despite her (22). The Olympic games were held in honor of Zeus since 776 B.C. at the Plain of Olympia at Pelopomesus (22). At his altar, 100 cattle were sacrificed as the main part of the festival (Mcleish 19). So, the the greeks decided to build a temple in his honor in the fifth century B.C. (Grigson 22). One of the best Greek sculptors, Phedias, was asked to do it (22). It was built in about 457 B.C and the finished Zeux was a gold and ivory work with the flesh pa rts carved from ivory and mounted on a wood or stone core (22). The draperies and other ornaments were cast from gold (22). This lavish 40 foot statue had a wreath around his head, holds a figuire of his messenger, Nike, in his right hand, and a sceptor in his left (Ashmawy 1) Zeus was believed to have long hair, a bush beard, and a moustach with long ends (Grigson). Eventually, weathly Greeks moved the statue to a palace in Constantinople, today known as Istanbul, Turkey (Ashmawy 1). Their effort prolonged its life because a fire devastated the Olympia Temple (1). Roamans adopted Zeus and one of the emporers wanted to take the statue to Rome, remove Zeus head, and replace it with a statue of his own (1). When they went to get it, they wre driven out of the temple by peals of laughter (1). Later a sever fire also destroyed the statue in 462 A.D. (1). One of the most beautiful sights of the ancient world was the Hanging Gardens of Babylon (Grigson 16). They came to be when Babylon, o ne the worlds great empires, was defeated by the rival empire Assyria (15). In 626 B.C., and alliance defeated Assyria and the Chaldean ruler of Nabopolassar made himself king of Babylon (15). With the new king, Babylon exceeded to its old glory as Nabopolassar built mighty walls around the city (15). According to the legen, Nabuchadnezzar continued Nabopolassars work of building fortresses and walls (15). His queen was a princess of his fathers allies, and she missed the hills of her Persian homeland and disliked the flatness of Babylon (15). To please her, Nabuchadnezzar built a man-made hill in the form of terrace gardens (15). The Hanging Gardens rose 328 feet and were surrounded by a reinforcing wall 23 feet thick (15). Workman built terraces in long straight rows and marble staircases supported by rows of arches connected them (15). They lined the terraces with lead in order to keep water in and covered them with earth from fields, which created a half dozen huge flowerbeds th e size of tennis courts (15). These flowerbeds held exotic trees, shrubs, flowers, and creepers lay along the terrace (15). On top of the terrace was fountains, waterfalls, and streams which had the water raised by pumps from the Euphrates River worked by slaves (15). Twenty -two years after Nebuchadnezzars death, the empire of Babylon was lost to the Persian Emporer Cyprus the Great, and today all that remains is on or two arches and a well (16). In 312 B.C. Rhodes joined King Ptolemy of Egypt in his war against Antigonous of Macedona (Grigson 14). Later the Macedonians returned for revenge on the Rhodes and besiged the city with a fast force of men and ships (14). The Rhodians managed to hold them back for a year until Ptolemy of Egypt finally cam to the rescui (14). Among the defenders of Rhodes, was a sculptor, Chares of Lindus (14). To praise him, the Rhodians commissioned him to create a huge bronze statue in honor of the islands patron, the sun god Helios or Apollo (14). The statue celabrated the unity of the Rhodes three-city states (Ashmawy 1). The task to Chares took twelve years, from 292 B.C. to 280 B.C. (Grigson 14). It was 105 feet high, 295 tons, and cast entirely from metal taken from the war engines abandoned by the Macedonians (14). The Colossus of Rhodes is hallow inside supported by interior stone and iron blocks (Ashmawy 1). The statue stood on a promontory overlooking the water and on some accounts, ships sailed between its legs, for it stood near the harbor of Rhodes, a Greek Island in the Aegean Sea (1). According to the story, when it was complete, Chares found a mistake in his calculations and killed himself (14. The Colossus was one of the greatest pieces of self-criticism and hailed as the most perfect representation of a human form (14). In 224 B.C., and earthquake rocked the island snapping the statue at its knees, toppling across a whole city block (McLeish 5). The Rhodians left it lying there for another 900 years (5). The Colos sus of Rhodes was to be the most short-lived of the worlds wonders (Grigson 15). Later, when Arabs captured Rhodes, the statues remains were sold to a Jewish merchant for scrap (15). Over 3300 years ago, a boulder landed on the town of Apashash, just south of Izmir, Turkey, killing the king (McLeish 9). The superstitious people believed it was the goddess, Mother Earth, who was punishing the king for his wickedness he had shown as ruler (9). This town prospered after the kings death and the Greek visitors changed the name of the town to Ephesus and the goddesss name to Artemis (9). Artemis was worshipped greatly in Ephesus and so around 550 BC they built her a temple that by all accounts was the finest in the world (Grigson 23). The Lydian king, Croesus, sponsored the temple and Chersiphron, a Greek architect, designed it (Ashmawy 1). It surpasses every structure raised by human hands (23). On the site cleared for the temple, 45,000 people could have stood (McLeish 10). The temple i s rectangular in shape, made of marble, with a decorated faade overlooking a huge courtyard (Ashmawy 2). Marble steps lead up to a terrace that is 260 by 430 feet in size (2). One hundred twenty-seven columns, 60 feet high with Ionic capitals and carved circular sides, surround the platform of the temple (2). Every part of the temple was covered in paintings and carvings (McLeish 10). The four bronze statues of amazons inside were sculpted by the most skilled artists of their time: Pheidias, Polyclietus, Kresilas, and Phradma (Ashmawy 1). For many years people visited the temple to share their profits with the goddess (1). Many people, such as kings and priests, deposited their wealth there and the temple was noted as a common treasury for all Asia (Grigson 24). Archeologists have found bracelets, earrings, and statuettes left from as far as Persia and India (Ashmawy 1). In an attempt to immortalize himself, Herostratus burnt down the temple in 365 BC (Grigson 23). The new temple, l abeled temple E, was rebuilt in 323 BC and one of the greatest admirers was Alexander the Great, who by coincidence was born on the night of the old temples destruction (23). In 262 AD the Goths destroyed the temple E (Ashmawy 1). The Ephesians vowed to rebuild it, but by the fourteenth century they had mostly been converted to Christianity (1). In 401 AD, the Temple of Artemis was completely torn down by St. John Chrysostom, and Ephesus was later deserted (1). In the city of Bodrum on the Aegean Sea, in southwest Turkey was the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (Ashmawy 1). From 377 to 353 BC, the king Mausollos of Caria reigned, and he moved his capital to Halicarnassus to be closer to the Persian capital which had recently expanded its kingdom (1). Nothing is interesting about this king, Mausollos, except for his tomb (1). Artemisia, his wife and sister, conceived the project during his life time (1). The Mausoleum, named after the king, was finished around 350 BC, three years after Mau sollos death and one year after Artemesias (1). This building gave its name to all large tombs today (1). The Mausoleum is rectangular and 140 by 100 feet in size (2). There was a stepped podium, which was 60 feet, a 38-foot colonnade, a 22-foot pyramid, and a 20-foot chariot statue (2). The sides are completely decorated with tens of life size, under, and over life size statues of people, lions, horses, and other animals (2). These works were carved by Bryaxis, Leochares, Scopas, and Timotheus (2). Each sculptor was responsible for one side (2). The burial chamber and sarcophagus of white alabaster is decorated with gold and located on the podium, surrounded by Ionic columns (2). The colonnade supported the pyramid roof, which was decorated with statues as well (2). A statue of a chariot pulled by four horses was on top of the tomb (2). The tomb survived sixteen centuries until an earthquake damaged the roof of the colonnade (1). In 1489,the Christians who had made Halicarnassus a stronghold against the Turks, took the stones of the base to build castle walls and broke the sculptures to use as mortar (McLeish 24). The knights of St. John of Malta supposedly found gold stolen by pirates in the tomb chamber, but only a few gold ornaments survive today (24). By 1522 almost every block had been disassembled from the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (Ashmawy 1). In 331 BC Alexander the Great captured Egypt and he planned to leave there in triumph on ship by one of the mouths of the river Nile (McLeish 29). All the Delta channels were too shallow, so he decided to build a new city with deep water harbors ideal for war-galleys and trading ships (29). On this harbor of Alexandria, a lighthouse, otherwise called Pharos, was built (Ashmawy 1). Upon its completion in about 270 BC, it was estimated to be about 400 feet high (1). The Greek architect Sostratos designed the lighthouse, one of the tallest structures on Earth in its time, during the reign of the King Ptolemy II (1) . From an Arab travelers notes from 1166, archeologists have deduced that the lighthouse was built in three sections (1). The bottom section was square, the middle eight sided, and the top circular (Donovan 325). At the top, a mirror reflected sunlight during the day, and a fire guided soldiers at night (Ashmawy 1). The structure became so famous that pharos came to mean lighthouse in French, Italian, and Spanish (1). In November 1996, a team of divers claimed to find the ruins of the lighthouse in the Mediterranean Sea (2). History Essays